Class 9 AI Chapter - Python Topic - Function

 

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Chapter - Introduction to Python 
Other Topics

• Python Features
• Token Operators 
• Control Statements 
• Operator, Errors 
• Functions 

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Comparing Lists

In Python, comparing lists means checking if two or more lists are equal, or how they relate to each other in terms of content or order. Here’s a detailed explanation with examples:

✅ 1. Comparing if Lists Are Equal

Two lists are considered equal if:

• They have the same elements
• In the same order

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list3 = [3, 2, 1]

print(list1 == list2)  # True
print(list1 == list3)  # False (order matters)

✅ 2. Using != to Check if Lists Are Different

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]

print(list1 != list2)  # True

✅ 3. Checking if Two Lists Have the Same Elements (Ignore Order)

Use sorted() or convert to set:

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [3, 2, 1]

# Method 1: Using sorted
print(sorted(list1) == sorted(list2))  # True

# Method 2: Using set
print(set(list1) == set(list2))  # True (but ignores duplicates)

✅ 4. Comparing Element by Element

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [1, 4, 3]

for a, b in zip(list1, list2):
    print(a == b)

Output:

True
False
True

✅ 5. Using all() with zip() to Check Element-wise Equality

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]

result = all(a == b for a, b in zip(list1, list2))
print(result)  # True

✅ 6. Check if One List Is a Sublist of Another

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
sublist = [2, 3]

# Convert to string or use slicing
print(str(sublist)[1:-1] in str(list1))  # Not reliable
# Better way:
found = False
for i in range(len(list1) - len(sublist) + 1):
    if list1[i:i+len(sublist)] == sublist:
        found = True
        break

print(found)  # True

💡 Summary Table:

Operation	Code Example	Output
Equal lists	list1 == list2	True/False
Different lists	list1 != list2	True/False
Same elements (ignore order)	set(list1) == set(list2)	True/False
Sorted comparison	sorted(list1) == sorted(list2)	True/False
Element-wise compare	zip(list1, list2) + loop	Element by element

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Function in Python

In Python, a function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task. You can call a function whenever you want to execute that task. Python has built-in functions like print(), and also allows users to create their own functions using def.

📚 List

A list in Python is a collection of items (elements) that is ordered, changeable (mutable), and allows duplicate values.
Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

🧠 List Functions in Python

1. append()

Adds an item to the end of the list.

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
fruits.append("cherry")
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

2. extend()

Adds multiple items to the end of the list.

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
fruits.extend(["cherry", "orange"])
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

3. insert(index, value)

Inserts an item at a specific index.

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
fruits.insert(1, "cherry")
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'cherry', 'banana']

4. remove(value)

Removes the first occurrence of the specified value.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "banana"]
fruits.remove("banana")
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'cherry', 'banana']

5. pop(index)

Removes the item at the given index and returns it. If no index is given, it removes the last item.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.pop(1)
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'cherry']

✏️ Modifying Existing Values in a List

You can modify elements by directly accessing their index.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits[1] = "orange"
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'orange', 'cherry']

🔴 Remove Elements from a List

Sometimes you may want to delete an element:

• Because it's no longer needed
• To avoid duplicates
• To update or clean your data

✅ Methods to Remove Elements from a List

1. remove(value)

• Removes the first occurrence of the specified value.
• Raises an error if the value is not found.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "banana"]
fruits.remove("banana")
print(fruits)  # Output: ['apple', 'cherry', 'banana']

✅ Removes only the first 'banana', not all.

💥 Error Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
fruits.remove("orange")  # ❌ ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list

2. pop(index)

• Removes the element at the specified index.
• If no index is given, removes the last item.
• Returns the removed item.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
removed_item = fruits.pop(1)
print(removed_item)  # Output: 'banana'
print(fruits)        # Output: ['apple', 'cherry']

💥 Error Example:

fruits = ["apple"]
fruits.pop(5)  # ❌ IndexError: pop index out of range

3. del statement

• Deletes an element by index or deletes a slice (multiple elements).
• Does not return the value.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"]
del fruits[1]         # Removes 'banana'
print(fruits)         # Output: ['apple', 'cherry', 'orange']

del fruits[0:2]       # Removes 'apple' and 'cherry'
print(fruits)         # Output: ['orange']

✅ Use del when you want to remove items by position or slice.

4. clear()

• Removes all elements from the list.
• The list becomes empty [].

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.clear()
print(fruits)  # Output: []

✅ Use this when you want to reset the list.

🧠 Summary Table

Method	Removes by	Returns Value	Errors if not found?	Example
remove()	Value	No	✅ Yes (if value not found)	fruits.remove("banana")
pop()	Index (or last)	✅ Yes	✅ Yes (if index is wrong)	fruits.pop(2)
del	Index or slice	No	✅ Yes (if index wrong)	del fruits[0:2]
clear()	All elements	No	❌ No error	fruits.clear()

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