Class 9 AI Chapter - Python Topic - Control Statement

 

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Chapter - Introduction to Python 
Other Topics

• Python Features
• Token Operators 
• Control Statements 
• Operator, Errors 
• Functions 

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Data Types in Python (Detailed)

Python has different built-in data types used to store various kinds of information.

 1. Numeric Types

a) int – Integer

Stores whole numbers (positive or negative) without decimals.

x = 10
y = -5
print(type(x))   # Output: <class 'int'>

b) float – Floating Point

Stores decimal numbers.

pi = 3.14
height = -2.5
print(type(pi))  # Output: <class 'float'>

c) complex – Complex Numbers

Numbers with real and imaginary parts.

z = 3 + 5j
print(type(z))   # Output: <class 'complex'>

2. Text Type

a) str – String

Used to store text (characters, words, sentences).

name = "Alvin"
message = 'Hello, world!'
print(type(name))  # Output: <class 'str'>

3. Boolean Type

a) bool – Boolean

Represents True or False.

is_active = True
is_logged_in = False
print(type(is_active))  # Output: <class 'bool'>

4. Sequence Types

a) list – List

Ordered, changeable (mutable), allows duplicates.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]
print(type(fruits))  # Output: <class 'list'>

b) tuple – Tuple

Ordered, unchangeable (immutable), allows duplicates.

colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
print(type(colors))  # Output: <class 'tuple'>

c) range – Range

Used for generating a sequence of numbers.

nums = range(5)
print(type(nums))  # Output: <class 'range'>

5. Set Types

a) set – Set

Unordered, no duplicate values.

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 2}
print(unique_numbers)       # Output: {1, 2, 3}
print(type(unique_numbers)) # Output: <class 'set'>

b) frozenset – Immutable set

frozen = frozenset([1, 2, 3])
print(type(frozen))  # Output: <class 'frozenset'>

6. Mapping Type

a) dict – Dictionary

Stores key-value pairs.

person = {"name": "Alvin", "age": 25}
print(type(person))  # Output: <class 'dict'>

7. None Type

a) NoneType

Represents no value or null.

x = None
print(type(x))  # Output: <class 'NoneType'>

Summary Table

Data Type	Example	Description
int	5	Integer number
float	3.14	Decimal number
complex	2 + 3j	Complex number
str	"Hello"	Text
bool	True, False	Boolean values
list	[1, 2, 3]	Ordered, mutable
tuple	(1, 2, 3)	Ordered, immutable
set	{1, 2, 3}	Unordered, no duplicates
dict	{"key": "value"}	Key-value pairs
NoneType	None	Represents no value

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Type Conversion in Python

Type conversion means changing the data type of a value or variable into another type. There is two types of type conversion.

1. Implicit Type Conversion

Python automatically converts one data type to another during operations.

Example:

a = 5       # int
b = 2.0     # float
result = a + b   # int + float = float
print(result)      # Output: 7.0
print(type(result))  # <class 'float'>

Python converts int to float automatically.

2. Explicit Type Conversion (Type Casting)

We manually convert one data type to another using functions like int(), float(), str(), etc.

Example:

x = "100"
y = int(x)     # Convert string to integer
print(y + 50)  # Output: 150

Common Type Casting Functions

Function	Description	Example
int()	Converts to integer	int("5") → 5
float()	Converts to float	float("3.14") → 3.14
str()	Converts to string	str(100) → "100"
list()	Converts to list	list("abc") → ['a', 'b', 'c']
tuple()	Converts to tuple	tuple([1,2]) → (1,2)
set()	Converts to set	set([1,2,2]) → {1, 2}

More Example:

a = 10
b = "20"
# Convert string to int before addition
total = a + int(b)
print(total)  # Output: 30

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Conditional Statements in Python

Conditional statements are used to make decisions in a program based on certain conditions.

Types of Conditional Statements:

1. if Statement

Executes a block of code only if the condition is True.

age = 18
if age >= 18:
    print("You are eligible to vote")

2. if-else Statement

Executes one block if the condition is True, otherwise executes another block.

age = 16
if age >= 18:
    print("Eligible to vote")
else:
    print("Not eligible to vote")

3. if-elif-else Statement

Used when you have multiple conditions.

marks = 75

if marks >= 90:
    print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 75:
    print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 50:
    print("Grade C")
else:
    print("Fail")

Comparison Operators Used in Conditions:

Operator	Meaning	Example (x = 5, y = 10)
==	Equal to	x == y → False
!=	Not equal to	x != y → True
>	Greater than	y > x → True
<	Less than	x < y → True
>=	Greater or equal	x >= 5 → True
<=	Less or equal	x <= 3 → False

Example Program:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if number % 2 == 0:
    print("Even number")
else:
    print("Odd number")

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Loop Statements in Python

Loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times, either for a fixed number of times or until a certain condition is met.

Python supports two main types of loops:

1. for loop

2. while loop

1. for Loop in Python

Purpose:

Used to iterate over a sequence like a list, tuple, string, or range.

Syntax:

for variable in sequence:
    # block of code

• variable: Takes the value of each item in the sequence one by one.
• sequence: A collection (like list, string, or range()).

Example: Using range()

for i in range(1, 6):
    print(i)

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Program: Print numbers from 5 to 20 with step 3

for i in range(5, 21, 3):
    print(i)

Output:

5
8
11
14
17
20

In this example:

• start = 5
• stop = 21 (loop runs up to 20)
• step = 3 (adds 3 each time)

Example: Iterating a List

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

2. while Loop in Python

Purpose:

Executes a block of code as long as a condition is True.

Example: Counting from 1 to 5

i = 1
while i <= 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1

Output:

1
2
3
4
5

Loop Control Statements

Python provides these control statements to manage loops:

Statement	Description
break	Exits the loop immediately
continue	Skips the current iteration
else	Runs a block after the loop ends

Example with break:

for i in range(5):
    if i == 3:
        break
    print(i)

Output: 0 1 2

Example with continue:

for i in range(5):
    if i == 2:
        continue
    print(i)

Output: 0 1 3 4

Difference Between for and while Loop

Feature	for Loop	while Loop
Use Case	Known number of repetitions	Unknown, depends on condition
Based On	Sequence	Boolean condition
Risk of Infinite	Low	Higher if condition is not updated